I wonder if you just plated your own food the way you wanted it, and he got angry, and you still didn't react negatively or positively to his reactions, would he keep getting angry?
My ex husband used to get so angry about things, but when I stopped reacting, he stopped getting emotional about it. He may have been mad, but no harm, no foul.
You can ask your father to respect your decision to be a vegetarian and reiterate that it's not costing him more, you're not asking for special foods, and that you feel better eating this way.