I'm almost certain most people will lost weight if they have a high enough calorie deficit without structured workouts programs; any exercise will definitely help, but I think that the saying weight loss mostly happens in the kitchen is pretty accurate.
Personally, I could see a few benefits of short workouts like 10-15 minutes in that it helps when you're quite new to exercise, and might help you just get into a 'healthy mindset'. In terms of other gains like fitness it probably depends on what you're doing in those 15 minutes. I've heard good things about short bursts of high intensity