I think it comes down to how hard vs how long you want to work out. If you don't want to work out a very high intensity then you're going to have to work out longer. So if all you want to do is walk at a slow to moderate pace on the treadmill, 1 to 2 hours 4 to 5 times a week probably isn't unreasonable. But if you are working out at a higher intensity, you're not going to be able to or need to work out as long. If you are doing high intensity interval training for example, there's simply no way you're going to be able to do it for 1 to 2 hours, 4 to 5 days a week. 15 to 30 min, a few days a week, is plenty for HIIT.
I have never done cardio for more than an hour a day (except for swimming, but that's different because it's not weight-bearing). When I did steady state cardio, I did it for an hour at moderately high intensity. When I added some HIIT to my cardio program, I cut my cardio back to 30 min. Originally I split the 30 min between steady-state and HIIT, but recently I've been doing a little more HIIT and a little less steady state. One thing I really really really like about HIIT is that I don't have to do it as long. I burn the same or more calories in half the time. Right now, I do cardio four days a week (HIIT on three of those days, swimming on one day), strength training three days a week, and circuit training one day a week. I don't do cardio and strength training on the same days (I work with a trainer for strength training and the workouts are killer--doing any other exercise on those days is simply not a option).
I think the suggestion that you have to do 1.5 to 2 hours of cardio a day is only reasonable if you are doing cardio at a pretty light intensity. If you are working at a moderate to high intensity, I think 30 min to an hour is plenty. I'm certainly not an expert by any means (so definitely take what I say for the amateur opinion that it is), but I did get to my goal weight with this approach.
I also think that doctors and other experts say these things with the expectation that we aren't going to really do what they say, that we'll do something less. So your doctor may have said to do 1.5 to 2 hours of cardio a day, thinking that if she told you that, you'd maybe do 30 min to an hour a day. When I first started working out with my trainer, he told me to do 15 min of abs every day. Later he was SHOCKED to discover I was actually doing it and suggested that maybe I didn't need to do quite so much.